Cplint R 1 About 1.1 About 1.2 Terminology 2 Installation 2.1 Dependencies 2.1.1 Prolog 2.1.2 R 3 Examples 3.1 Gaussian mean estimation 3.2 Other examples 4 Protocol 4.1 Interface 4.2 Internals 4.2.1 Interface predicates 4.2.2 Plotting predicates 4.2.3 List handling 4.2.4 Main data frame creation 4.2.5 Helpers 5 Development 5.1 Changing the library 5.2 Compiling this documentation 6 Thanks 7 References Cplint R ******** This manual is for Cplint R program version 1.0.0 1 About ******* 1.1 About ========= The purpose of this library is to provide an interface between the Cplint(1) suite for SWI Prolog(2) and R(3) to handle charts made with the ggplot2(4) package. This means that most C3js(5) charting functions of Cplint are also available for R. 1.2 Terminology =============== In order to simplify the understanding of this document, a minimal set of terminology is necessary: * Any code between '<' '>' represents pseudocode. * The symbol '#' represents an unsigned integer or the 'root' user, depending on the context. * Optional code or parameters are encapsuled between '[' ']'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) See item *[Cplint]* in *note Cplint: References. (2) See item *[SWI Prolog]* in *note SWI Prolog: References. (3) See item *[R]* in *note R: References. (4) See item *[ggplot2]* in *note ggplot2: References. (5) See item *[C3js]* in *note C3js: References. 2 Installation ************** Cplint R is provided as part of the Cplint on SWISH(1) package. This is the recomended and simplest way to obtain a working installation without too much trouble. You can also install it manually with 'pack_install('cplint_r').' using the 'swipl' command on UNIX-like systems. Unfortunately, doing this is not enough since you need to setup an R environment with the components described in the following section. For more information, have a look at the SWISH Installer Manual(2) 2.1 Dependencies ================ Cplint R has both Prolog and R dependencies: 2.1.1 Prolog ------------ * Cplint * Rserve Client(3) * R SWISH library(4) 2.1.2 R ------- * ggplot2 * Rserve(5) * gridExtra(6) ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) See item *[Cplint on SWISH]* in *note Cplint on SWISH: References. (2) See item *[SWISH Installer Manual]* in *note SWISH Installer Manual: References. (3) See item *[Rserve Client]* in *note Rserve Client: References. (4) See item *[R SWISH]* in *note R SWISH: References. (5) See item *[Rserve]* in *note Rserve: References. (6) See item *[gridExtra]* in *note gridExtra: References. 3 Examples ********** 3.1 Gaussian mean estimation ============================ The following is the content of 'gauss_mean_est_R.pl'. /* Posterior estimation in Bayesian models. We are trying to estimate the true value of a Gaussian distributed random variable, given some observed data. The variance is known (2) and we suppose that the mean has a Gaussian distribution with mean 1 and variance 5. We take different measurement (e.g. at different times), indexed with an integer. Given that we observe 9 and 8 at indexes 1 and 2, how does the distribution of the random variable (value at index 0) changes with respect to the case of no observations? From http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~fwood/anglican/examples/viewer/?worksheet=gaussian-posteriors */ :- use_module(library(mcintyre)). :- use_module(library(cplint_r)). :- mc. :- begin_lpad. value(I,X) :- mean(M), value(I,M,X). % at time I we see X sampled from a Gaussian with mean M and variamce 2.0 mean(M): gaussian(M,1.0, 5.0). % Gaussian distribution of the mean of the Gaussian of the variable value(_,M,X): gaussian(X,M, 2.0). % Gaussian distribution of the variable :- end_lpad. hist_uncond(Samples,NBins):- mc_sample_arg(value(0,X),Samples,X,L0), histogram_r(L0,NBins). % plot an histogram of the density of the random variable before any % observations by taking Samples samples and by dividing the domain % in NBins bins dens_lw(Samples):- mc_sample_arg(value(0,Y),Samples,Y,L0), mc_lw_sample_arg(value(0,X),(value(1,9),value(2,8)),Samples,X,L), densities_r(L0,L). % plot the densities of the random variable before and after % observing 9 and 8 by taking Samples samples. /** ?- dens_lw(1000). % plot the densities of the random variable before and after % observing 9 and 8 ?- hist_uncond(10000,40). % plot an histogram of the density of the random variable before any % observations ?- mc_lw_expectation(value(0,X),(value(1,9),value(2,8)),1000,X,E). % E = 7.166960047178755 ?- mc_expectation(value(0,X),10000,X,E). % E = 0.9698875384639362. */ Using '?- dens_lw(1000)' as query the following chart is produced: [example_out] 3.2 Other examples ================== For other examples see all the files ending in "_R.pl" on 4 Protocol ********** 4.1 Interface ============= The following is a list of exported predicates available to the library users'. Each predicate corresponds to one of the following categories * Helper: specific of this library. * Pita: part of Cplint. * Mcintyre: part of Cplint. * Auc: part of Cplint. Each argument of a predicate correponds to a data type. See the SWI Prolog data types manual(1) and the Learn Prolog Now manual(2). Have a look at the Cplint help manual(3) to learn in details about the functionality of each predicate. -- Helper: build_xy_list(+X:list,+Y:list,-OUT:list) is det Given to lists X and Y build an output list OUT in the form '[X1-Y1,X2-Y2,...,XN-YN]'. -- Helper: r_row(+X:atom,+Y:atom,-OUT:atom) is det Given two atoms X and Y, build the term 'r(X,Y)' in OUT. -- Helper: get_set_from_xy_list(+L:list,-R:list) is det Given an input list L in the form '[X1-Y1,X2-Y2,...,XN-YN]', transform it in an output list R in the form '[r(X1,Y1),r(X2,Y2),...,r(XN,YN)]'. This means that 'R' will contain an X-Y relationship which can be then passed to an R data frame. -- Pita: prob_bar_r(:QUERY:atom) is nondet The predicate computes and plots the probability of QUERY as a bar chart with a bar for the probability of QUERY true and a bar for the probability of QUERY false. If QUERY is not ground, it returns in backtracking all ground instantiations of QUERY together with their probabilities. -- Pita: prob_bar_r(:QUERY:atom,:EVIDENCE:atom) is nondet The predicate computes and plots the probability of QUERY given EVIDENCE as a bar chart with a bar for the probability of QUERY true and a bar for the probability of QUERY false given EVIDENCE. If QUERY / EVIDENCE are not ground, it returns in backtracking all ground instantiations of QUERY / EVIDENCE together with their probabilities. -- Mcintyre: mc_prob_bar_r(:QUERY:atom,-PROBABILITY:dict) is det See prob_bar_r/2. -- Mcintyre: mc_sample_bar_r(:QUERY:atom,+SAMPLES:int) is det The predicate samples QUERY a number of SAMPLES times and plots a bar chart with a bar for the number of successes and a bar for the number of failures. If QUERY is not ground, it considers it as an existential query. -- Mcintyre: mc_sample_arg_bar_r(:QUERY:atom,+SAMPLES:int,?ARG:var) is det The predicate samples QUERY SAMPLES times. ARG should be a variable in QUERY. The predicate plots a bar chart with a bar for each possible value of L, the list of values of ARG for which QUERY succeeds in a world sampled at random. The size of the bar is the number of samples returning that list of values. -- Mcintyre: mc_sample_arg_first_bar_r(:QUERY:atom,+SAMPLES:int,?ARG:var) is det The predicate samples QUERY SAMPLES times. ARG should be a variable in QUERY. The predicate plots a bar chart with a bar for each value of ARG returned as a first answer by QUERY in a world sampled at random. The size of the bar is the number of samples that returned that value. The value is failure if the query fails. -- Mcintyre: mc_rejection_sample_arg_bar_r(:QUERY:atom,:EVIDENCE:atom,+SAMPLES:int,?ARG:var) is det The predicate calls 'mc_rejection_sample_arg/5' and builds an R graph of the results. It plots a bar chart with a bar for each possible value of L, the list of values of ARG for which QUERY succeeds given that EVIDENCE is true The size of the bar is the number of samples returning that list of values. -- Mcintyre: mc_mh_sample_arg_bar_r(:QUERY:atom,:EVIDENCE:atom,+SAMPLES:int,+LAG:int,?ARG:var) is det The predicate calls 'mc_mh_sample_arg/6' and builds an R graph of the results. The predicate plots a bar chart with a bar for each possible value of L, the list of values of ARG for which QUERY succeeds in a world sampled at random. The size of the bar is the number of samples returning that list of values. -- Mcintyre: mc_mh_sample_arg_bar_r(:QUERY:atom,:EVIDENCE:atom,+SAMPLES:int,+MIX:int,+LAG:int,?ARG:var) is det The predicate calls 'mc_mh_sample_arg/7' and builds an R graph of the results. The predicate plots a bar chart with a bar for each possible value of L, the list of values of ARG for which QUERY succeeds in a world sampled at random. The size of the bar is the number of samples returning that list of values. -- Mcintyre: histogram_r(+LIST:list,+NBINS:int) is det Draws a histogram of the samples in List dividing the domain in NBINS bins. LIST must be a list of couples of the form [V]-W or V-W where V is a sampled value and W is its weight. -- Mcintyre: density_r(+LIST:list) is det Display a smooth density estimate of a sets of samples. The samples are in LIST as couples V-W where V is a value and W its weigth. -- Mcintyre: densities_r(+PRIORLIST:list,+POSTLIST:list) is det Display a smooth density estimate of two sets of samples, usually prior and post observations. The samples from the prior are in PRIORLIST while the samples from the posterior are in POSTLIST as couples V-W where V is a value and W its weigth. -- Auc: compute_areas_diagrams_r(+LG:list,-AUCROC:float,-AUCPR:float) is det The predicate takes as input a list LG of pairs probability-literal in asceding order on probability where the literal can be an Atom (incading a positive example) or \+ Atom, indicating a negative example while the probability is the probability of Atom of being true. PR and ROC diagrams are plotted. The predicate returns: * AUCROC: the size of the area under the ROC curve * AUCPR: the size of the area under the PR curve See for an example. 4.2 Internals ============= Important predicates in this library follow a common structure to avoid confusion and promote standardization. Interface predicates are involved in the interaction between input data from a program and the plot of that same data. These predicates are usable from the programs. As the name suggests, plotting predicates are only involved in plotting the data. Finally there are other functions which handle the lists and other types of data. 4.2.1 Interface predicates -------------------------- All interface predicates have a similar structure. Their names end with '_r' (except the Helpers) in order to distinguish them from the original Cplint predicates. First and last operations are always 'load_r_libraries' and 'finalize_r_graph' respectively. Plotting is done right before the last operation with one of the 'geom_' predicates. A skeleton of the structure follows. _r():- load_r_libraries, , geom_(), finalize_r_graph. 4.2.2 Plotting predicates ------------------------- Predicates directly involved in plotting all start with 'geom_' as prefix. These predicates work with lists which are then transformed into R data frames, and, as a final instruction, a corresponding plot is generated. You can visualize the structure with the following pseudocode: geom_() :- , , , <- ggplot 4.2.3 List handling ------------------- List handling is useful to pass information between Prolog and R. This is done thanks to 'build_xy_list/3', 'r_row/3' and 'get_set_from_xy_list/2' predicates, described in the interface section. In case there are multiple distributions we simply have to call 'get_set_from_xy_list/2' the appropriate number of times, like: 'get_set_from_xy_list(,R#)'. 4.2.4 Main data frame creation ------------------------------ As descibed before, a data frame is useful to pass structured information between Prolog and R. In Cplint R in particular, we use 'r_data_frame_from_rows/2' provided by the Rserve Client library, in the following manner: r_data_frame_from_rows(df[#], R[#]) For each distribution the optional number is incremented by one. In case it is the last (or only) data frame then its name will simply be 'df'. 4.2.5 Helpers ------------- What follows are extracts of some trivial predicates indicated as internal helpers. bin_width(Min,Max,NBins,Width) :- D is Max-Min, Width is D/NBins. load_r_libraries :- <- library("ggplot2"). finalize_r_graph :- r_download. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) See item *[SWI Prolog data types]* in *note SWI Prolog data types: References. (2) See item *[LPN]* in *note LPN: References. (3) See item *[Cplint]* in *note Cplint: References. 5 Development ************* 5.1 Changing the library ======================== You are welcomed to change this library. In order to test it you simply have to place you modified version in the correct path and restart SWISH. If you have used the packages provided with SWISH Installer this can be achieved with the following: # mv /home/swish/lib/swipl/pack/cplint_r/prolog/cplint_r.pl # systemctl restart swish-cplint 5.2 Compiling this documentation ================================ The source of this documentation is under the 'doc' directory of the repository. To be able to compile it, you have to install several tex packages (for example: 'texlive-most' and 'texi2html' if you are using Arch Linux) that contain the following binaries: makeinfo texi2dvi docbook2html docbook2pdf docbook2txt texi2html perl After running 'make', a directory named 'manual' will be created and you can access all the files by opening 'index.html' with a browser. 6 Thanks ******** Fabrizio Riguzzi for developement, testing and feedback. Raivo Laanemets for a blog article(1) on how to write SWI Prolog packs. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) See item *[Prolog pack development experience]* in *note Prolog pack development experience: References. 7 References ************ Some quotations reported here are taken directly from the respective web sites. * *[Cplint]* "A suite of programs for reasoning with probabilistic logic programs". See and for the Cplint help manual. * *[SWI Prolog]* "SWI-Prolog offers a comprehensive free Prolog environment. Since its start in 1987, SWI-Prolog development has been driven by the needs of real world applications. SWI-Prolog is widely used in research and education as well as commercial applications". See * *[R]* "R is an integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display". See * *[ggplot2]* "ggplot2 is a plotting system for R, based on the grammar of graphics, which tries to take the good parts of base and lattice graphics and none of the bad parts. It takes care of many of the fiddly details that make plotting a hassle (like drawing legends) as well as providing a powerful model of graphics that makes it easy to produce complex multi-layered graphics". See * *[gridExtra]* "Miscellaneous Functions for "Grid" Graphics. Provides a number of user-level functions to work with "grid" graphics, notably to arrange multiple grid-based plots on a page, and draw tables". See * *[C3js]* "C3 enables deeper integration of charts into your application". See * *[SWI Prolog data types]* See . * *[LPN]* "Learn Prolog Now". See . * *[Cplint on SWISH]* "A set of packages that are able to build and install SWISH, Cplint on SWISH and an R environment". See * *[Rserve Client]* "SWI-Prolog/SWISH client for Rserve". "The container exposes Rserve using a Unix-domain socket in /home/rserve/socket". See * *[R SWISH]* A library that talks between SWISH and Rserve. See * *[Rserve]* "Rserve is a TCP/IP server which allows other programs to use facilities of R (see www.r-project.org) from various languages without the need to initialize R or link against R library." See * *[SWISH Installer Manual]* See * *[Prolog pack development experience]* See